Re: Punctuation

njc wrote:

So you use the term in that sentence to mean not a particular instance of 'anti-concept' but the anti-concept as a category?

What?

njc wrote:

Do you then regard prescriptivist grammar as a product of Progressivism?

I thought I was clear that I don't consider "prescriptivist" as meaning anything in particular.

njc wrote:

If so, I think you are mistaken.  The warhorse example, the non-splitability of the infinitive, is held originate in applying the grammar of classical languages (and especially Latin) to English.  But the classical education, involving medieval and classical Latin as well as Hellenic Greek and old Hebrew, was shunned and dis--valued (sorry, can't find the word just now) by the Progressive movement, so it seems unlikely that the atomic infinitive is as recent a development as Progressivism.

I think of not splitting the infinitive as clear writing, but in such, clearer writing does usually come from clear meaning of the words and the infinitive held together to express a single meaning is better.  Latin and ancient Greek are instructive because in structure and derived meaning the writing is simple and clear, and modern Progressive rhetoricians and polemicists do not like that all. However, progressive education and political progressivism (Fabian socialism of the artful dodge and subterfuge) is not quite the same.

277

Re: Punctuation

Charles_F_Bell wrote:
vern wrote:
Charles_F_Bell wrote:

anyone is free to infer from what I have said that punctuation and spelling rules are inflexible written-language rules.

So, help be clear on your position in an attempt to bring this to closure. From what I have gleaned from your statements direct or inferred, let me pose a direct question.

Cite an example where Virginia Woolf, who directed by her style did not inject punctuation normally, in publication used a semicolon incorrectly.

That really clears it up, LOL. Argue with yourself; you just might win. Take care. Vern

278

Re: Punctuation

Charles_F_Bell, I would like to understand what you mean but you seem to regard every question I ask as a category error, and your attempts to take me past the difficulty seem to lead me back to the same difficulty.  I would like to understand what you believe here, but my efforts seem fruitless and more frustrating to you than to me.  You've set your beliefs out, but I can't do you the consideration and give you the respect  of considering them!

I suspect that I would agree completely with about a tenth of what you say, and partly with another half.  Regardless, it would be satisfying to achieve what I've been told is called stasis (hard-long 'a'):  agreement on what the issues are, what our respective beliefs are, and where they diverge.  That doesn't seem to be possible now, and I count it a loss.

In short, I don't understand, I don't now expect to understand, I thank you for trying, and I hope that this statement is useful for you, if only to know why I've stopped bothering you on this topic.

Re: Punctuation

njc wrote:

Charles_F_Bell, I would like to understand what you mean but you seem to regard every question I ask as a category error, and your attempts to take me past the difficulty seem to lead me back to the same difficulty.  I would like to understand what you believe here, but my efforts seem fruitless and more frustrating to you than to me.  You've set your beliefs out, but I can't do you the consideration and give you the respect  of considering them!

I suspect that I would agree completely with about a tenth of what you say, and partly with another half.  Regardless, it would be satisfying to achieve what I've been told is called stasis (hard-long 'a'):  agreement on what the issues are, what our respective beliefs are, and where they diverge.  That doesn't seem to be possible now, and I count it a loss.

In short, I don't understand, I don't now expect to understand, I thank you for trying, and I hope that this statement is useful for you, if only to know why I've stopped bothering you on this topic.

I also do not regard "category error" as a useful expression, but I allowed you an opportunity to explain your use/meaning so that perhaps I could adapt in a discussion with you. On the other hand, I did define "anti-concept" and gave examples, and yet you simply blew past them, apparently not understanding, without further query.

wikipedia:

A category mistake, or category error, is a semantic or ontological error in which things belonging to a particular category are presented as if they belong to a different category, or, alternatively, a property is ascribed to a thing that could not possibly have that property.

I think this is akin to Kantian gibberish, but if you can cite an example within the present discussion, let me know.

Every primary word represents a concept, real or imagined. A unicorn is a real concept even if the essential characteristics are not. An anti-concept combines real and imagined for the purpose to confuse the real with the imagined. "Duty" as a simple, real concept can mean a voluntary obligation, but as an anti-concept it can add in imaginary concepts such as God, society and address that voluntary obligation as not voluntary. The word "duty" has been co-opted for an imaginary purpose. I gave the example of "Hispanic" of or relating to the Spanish language (concept) co-opted to anti-concept to mean a single ethnicity and culture which is imaginary for the purpose to confuse the issue of ethnicity and race and culture.

How does "category error" apply here?

280

Re: Punctuation

Hmm.  So what I though was a category error report was instead a rejection of my use of the word in attempting to explore the boundaries you attach to its proper use?

Even with that, I'm going to have to go a long way to follow you.  First, words often attach to multiple concepts.  Somewhere (I'm trying to recall where) C. S. Lewis gives a range of different meanings attached to the word 'romantic'.  (Falling in love is not among those meanings.)

Your position seems to me to be something like a form/content distinction, in that misuse of the content denies that the form is that form.  It is (as I now see it) as if a process-server carrying a writ that is improperly issued is no longer a process-server.

Re: Punctuation

njc wrote:

Hmm.  So what I thought was a category error report was instead a rejection of my use of the word in attempting to explore the boundaries you attach to its proper use?

If it quacks like a duck . . .  I concede the possibility of misidentifying an anti-concept, but I used your own example (The French Academy) to show that what you think it is, it is not. I cannot see in reality any such dichotomy you use as a premise to the question you want answered.

njc wrote:

Even with that, I'm going to have to go a long way to follow you.  First, words often attach to multiple concepts.  Somewhere (I'm trying to recall where) C. S. Lewis gives a range of different meanings attached to the word 'romantic'.  (Falling in love is not among those meanings.)

No, that is not it all.  The anti-concept is created for the purpose to deceive. It is not using a nuanced or alternate meaning but an anti-meaning to the word. As I said, the Progressives/Socialists have been adept at this, but I can think of one such anti-concept on the right in the abortion debate. They will use "human life" to mean the same thing as a "human being" and it is not. It is polemical rhetoric deliberately used to confuse the issue. So, to answer the question: Do you believe in killing human life?, I have to reject the premise behind the question.

njc wrote:

Your position seems to me to be something like a form/content distinction, in that misuse of the content denies that the form is that form.  It is (as I now see it) as if a process-server carrying a writ that is improperly issued is no longer a process-server.

No. It is a similar nitpick over semantics that so many people think is pointless, but I think any debate in which one side or the other abuse words is not a debate.

Re: Punctuation

vern wrote:
Charles_F_Bell wrote:
vern wrote:

So, help be clear on your position in an attempt to bring this to closure. From what I have gleaned from your statements direct or inferred, let me pose a direct question.

Cite an example where Virginia Woolf, who directed by her style did not inject punctuation normally, in publication used a semicolon incorrectly.

That really clears it up, LOL. Argue with yourself; you just might win. Take care. Vern

In other words, you cannot find any exception to the semicolon rule you deny exists without exception.

283

Re: Punctuation

Charles_F_Bell wrote:

No, that is not it all.  The anti-concept is created for the purpose to deceive. It is not using a nuanced or alternate meaning but an anti-meaning to the word. As I said, the Progressives/Socialists have been adept at this ...

If you reject the word as well as the anti-concept for which it is used, you make it impossible for me even to ask where the deception is in the terms 'prescriptivist' or 'descriptivist', which makes it hard for me to learn to what you are objecting.  What is the deceit or false claim?  What is the lie?

Remember too that assumptions and beliefs are bound up in terms (e.g. human being/human life).  You may reject the beliefs and assumptions, but you will never convince anyone if you so completely reject the words that you will not even name them to refute them.  You will never even succeed in telling people what you do believe.

All of this is my belief and opinion, and perhaps my limitations.  But my limitations are part of who I am, and if you mean to communicate to me, you will most likely succeed if you communicate to who I am, rather than who you would like me to become.

Re: Punctuation

njc wrote:
Charles_F_Bell wrote:

No, that is not it all.  The anti-concept is created for the purpose to deceive. It is not using a nuanced or alternate meaning but an anti-meaning to the word. As I said, the Progressives/Socialists have been adept at this ...

If you reject the word as well as the anti-concept for which it is used, you make it impossible for me even to ask where the deception is in the terms 'prescriptivist' or 'descriptivist', which makes it hard for me to learn to what you are objecting.  What is the deceit or false claim?  What is the lie?

You start by making a claim, whether you realize it or not, about the The French Academy which is not true -- to the best recollection of a 30 year old memory of mine. I did not do any online research or such to verify, but certainly neither did you. There is no debate without facts, and at least I did enlist facts to my side on  the matter as far as any claim that the The French Academy or Nazi Germany were any sort of prescriptivist entity as you seem and only seem to define the term. That makes it a phantom claim based on an invisible definition.

njc wrote:

Remember too that assumptions and beliefs are bound up in terms (e.g. human being/human life).

No. They are bound up in objective meanings -- the defining of both phrases as discrete concepts, and they do not match.  The whole game behind the anti-concept is based around the de-constructionist, philosophical disintegrationist approach; for example, that words mean, punctuation is, grammar works, subjectively as anyone wants them to be.

njc wrote:

You may reject the beliefs and assumptions, but you will never convince anyone if you so completely reject the words that you will not even name them to refute them.  You will never even succeed in telling people what you do believe.

That would be your problem with 'prescriptivist', wouldn't it? Your concrete metaphor for such is wrong at the outset.  On the other hand, for me to go into detail about the terms I have used as example for anti-concept. i.e., human life for human being requires going off into tangent about abortion -- nobody here wants to do that. However, it is no tangent for you to explain what you are talking about in detail, and you have not. I said there is no point discussing how many angels can dance on the head of a pin when you can't explain, at the very least, what an angel is, nor is it a valid response for you to object "How dare you reject my beliefs and assumptions on angels!!"

njc wrote:

All of this is my belief and opinion, and perhaps my limitations.  But my limitations are part of who I am, and if you mean to communicate to me, you will most likely succeed if you communicate to who I am, rather than who you would like me to become.

285

Re: Punctuation

Very well.  Let's leave aside the French Academy, which is only an example.  Let us focus on prescriptivist and descriptivist.

My understanding is that a descriptivist grammarian seeks to find the patterns that we use in organizing and arranging words, including but not limited to such categories as parts of speech, inflection (declension/conjugation) of word forms, and such organization of utterances as phrase and sentence.   (And I acknowledge that these categories may not properly apply to the languages of China, and perhaps other places.  By this definition, a descriptivist studying those languages may need other categories.)

My understanding is that a prescriptivist grammarian, working from some blend of knowledge of the language as it is spoken by a broad range of individuals and his own preferences, judgement, and prejudices, provides instruction in the use of the language.  In chosing to advocate some constructions over others, the prescriptivist is taking the role of arbiter of the language.

Note that I have tried to leave aside questions of whether a description or prescription favors some groups of people over others, or some types of ideas over others.  I acknowledge that these are valid questions, but not useful in determining the meaning of these two words, and the antithesis that they appear to represent.  I hold that arguing the purpose of the acts and practices requires having words that describe the acts and practices, and that to have those words we need to have substantial agreement on their meanings.  (Since you and I can only share mentation through words, our agreement can never be perfect, only good enough to communicate and good enough to improve.)

Now, by your definitions, in what way does the foregoing err?  In what way is it not even wrong?

286 (edited by Charles_F_Bell 2015-11-15 10:35:56)

Re: Punctuation

njc wrote:

Very well.  Let's leave aside the French Academy, which is only an example.  Let us focus on prescriptivist and descriptivist.

My understanding is that a descriptivist grammarian seeks to find the patterns that we use in organizing and arranging words, including but not limited to such categories as parts of speech, inflection (declension/conjugation) of word forms, and such organization of utterances as phrase and sentence.   (And I acknowledge that these categories may not properly apply to the languages of China, and perhaps other places.  By this definition, a descriptivist studying those languages may need other categories.)

I call him simply a grammarian.

njc wrote:

My understanding is that a prescriptivist grammarian, working from some blend of knowledge of the language as it is spoken by a broad range of individuals and his own preferences, judgement, and prejudices, provides instruction in the use of the language.  In chosing to advocate some constructions over others, the prescriptivist is taking the role of arbiter of the language.

And I call them Corra and their womyn of the '90's.

njc wrote:

Note that I have tried to leave aside questions of whether a description or prescription favors some groups of people over others, or some types of ideas over others.  I acknowledge that these are valid questions, but not useful in determining the meaning of these two words, and the antithesis that they appear to represent.  I hold that arguing the purpose of the acts and practices requires having words that describe the acts and practices, and that to have those words we need to have substantial agreement on their meanings.  (Since you and I can only share mentation through words, our agreement can never be perfect, only good enough to communicate and good enough to improve.)

Now, by your definitions, in what way does the foregoing err?  In what way is it not even wrong?

Predict how successful Corra and their womyn of the '90' will be in eliminating grammatical gender. This is not a yes-or-no question but rather one that requires some historical precedent. Inserting new words like latino and african-american which otherwise would not evolve naturally  is not at all the same as changing grammar. We no more understand how grammar changes than we know how Man evolved from some species of simian now extinct,  but it certainly was not by direction of some orchestrators.

Even many simplest (and logical) changes in spelling and punctuation suggested by Noah Webster in a time of widespread illiteracy were rejected or ignored, and that is at the periphery of grammar.

287 (edited by Dill Carver 2015-11-15 14:20:01)

Re: Punctuation

Charles_F_Bell wrote:

Predict how successful Corra and their womyn of the '90' will be in eliminating grammatical gender. This is not a yes-or-no question but rather one that requires some historical precedent. Inserting new words like latino and african-american which otherwise would not evolve naturally  is not at all the same as changing grammar. We no more understand how grammar changes than we know how Man evolved from some species of simian now extinct,  but it certainly was not by direction of some orchestrators.

Even many simplest (and logical) changes in spelling and punctuation suggested by Noah Webster in a time of widespread illiteracy were rejected or ignored, and that is at the periphery of grammar.

Hi Charles

I am open-minded and prepared to evaluate positions beyond my current assumptions and understanding; but isn't the above simply confusing grammar with language?

Where grammar is the language law of the day and language is how we communicate today.

I mean, when the North Americans change the English language from the English of the British and Australians, New Zealanders and to an extent Canadians wherever they feel they'd like to  i.e. substituting 'Z' for 'S'  in industrialise, industrialize etc. And dropping the the 'U' within labour, labor etc. And the 'double L words' i.e. marvellous, marvellous etc. The 'ow for 'ough' words like, plough, plow. And the numerical and scientific re-wording i.e. milliard to billion etc. And the 'ea' words, paediatric, pediatric etc. and the re-phrased or alternate wording, spelled, spelt etc. ...

...none of this changes punctuation, it is only spelling (or is that spelting over there?). But spelling is still grammar, isn't it? Who made these changes?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia … g_variants

Societies change beyond nationality and alternate spelling. Society's views, attitudes, tolerances, understanding and interpretations are dynamic and shift with each generation or even within each generation.  Surely "the Corras' and their womyn of the '90' are a reflection of this? They seek to amend the grammar of the past to fit the language of today. The language driven by society or needing to change in order to articulate our lives within current society in a manner that will be understood by said current society.

That said; the prescriptivist and descriptivist are an irrelevant categorisation and despite being full of self-importance, they don't really influence the evolution of a language to any more extent than plastic surgeons and snappy dressers influence the evolution of human biology. 

Or is this exactly what you were saying when rather than categorise a 'prescriptivist' and a 'descriptivist' you categorise a 'corra' and a 'grammarian?'

Regards, Dill

288 (edited by Charles_F_Bell 2015-11-15 18:15:04)

Re: Punctuation

Dill Carver wrote:
Charles_F_Bell wrote:

Predict how successful Corra and their womyn of the '90' will be in eliminating grammatical gender. This is not a yes-or-no question but rather one that requires some historical precedent. Inserting new words like latino and african-american which otherwise would not evolve naturally  is not at all the same as changing grammar. We no more understand how grammar changes than we know how Man evolved from some species of simian now extinct,  but it certainly was not by direction of some orchestrators.

Even many simplest (and logical) changes in spelling and punctuation suggested by Noah Webster in a time of widespread illiteracy were rejected or ignored, and that is at the periphery of grammar.

Hi Charles

I am open-minded and prepared to evaluate positions beyond my current assumptions and understanding; but isn't the above simply confusing grammar with language?

Where grammar is the language law of the day and language is how we communicate today.

I mean, when the North Americans change the English language from the English of the British and Australians, New Zealanders and to an extent Canadians wherever they feel they'd like to  i.e. substituting 'Z' for 'S'  in industrialise, industrialize etc. And dropping the the 'U' within labour, labor etc. And the 'double L words' i.e. marvellous, marvellous etc. The 'ow for 'ough' words like, plough, plow. And the numerical and scientific re-wording i.e. milliard to billion etc. And the 'ea' words, paediatric, pediatric etc. and the re-phrased or alternate wording, spelled, spelt etc. ...

Spelling and punctuation are the least important and interesting aspects of grammar. I would only include them under the umbrella of this discussion because they are the most susceptible to any 'prescriptivist' grammarian assertion, but, even so, see how little over the last two centuries reformers have been able to accomplish. We have public and not publick on both sides of the Atlantic but not color instead of colour.

Dill Carver wrote:

Societies change beyond nationality and alternate spelling. Society's views, attitudes, tolerances, understanding and interpretations are dynamic and shift with each generation or even within each generation.  Surely "the Corras' and their womyn of the '90' are a reflection of this? They seek to amend the grammar of the past to fit the language of today. The language driven by society or needing to change in order to articulate our lives within current society in a manner that will be understood by said current society.

English grammar and pronunciation strangely changed more rapidly in the old country after the Revolution than in America. 'English' as she is goodly spoken in England changed more in New England with the folks back home than it did elsewhere in America 17th-19th century - which is to say: I parked the car in Harvard Square in Bostonian is closer today to standard U.K English than American (17th-21st century) English not because New Englanders retained the old ways, but rather other Americans did. There is no good theory for this except to suggest that language is inherently far more chaotic than any would-be 'prescriptivist' would have it.

With respect to a thesis suggested by your last sentence above, I hold to an admittedly minority opinion about language: that language is naturally private which exists to communicate merely as a side-effect benefit. Every individual primarily creates a word for a concept internally and unique to him. The sharing of the word-concepts comes later. The 'sharing' of course is short-circuited by Mommy as 'prescriptivist grammarian' suggesting X for baby's Y, but in fact, baby is bilingual for a while, perhaps, until around two years of age. After that, 'education' becomes a reverse-order language acquirement in which concepts are learned second-hand through word sharing. I would also suggest that geniuses retain private-language concept-formation but with stronger or weaker translation ability.

Dill Carver wrote:

That said; the prescriptivist and descriptivist are an irrelevant categorisation and despite being full of self-importance, they don't really influence the evolution of a language to any more extent than plastic surgeons and snappy dressers influence the evolution of human biology. 

Or is this exactly what you were saying when rather than categorise a 'prescriptivist' and a 'descriptivist' you categorise a 'corra' and a 'grammarian?'

Yes, I am saying that. Because language is inherently chaotic -- because I theorize that language is something which is held individually and not societally -- it is as tough to steer as the weather.  A Corra 'prescriptivist grammarian' is Mommy suggesting to a fully grown person "X" for "Y" when he has already decided "Y" is good enough.

289 (edited by Dill Carver 2015-11-15 20:17:07)

Re: Punctuation

Thanks for taking the time to explain with such clarity, Charles.

I initially thought that I get it; but it wasn't until this answer that I got it.

Appreciated!

Several years ago, Memphis introduced me to elements of (regional) American English that are closer to Elizabethan English, than modern British English. As you also mention.

I find that fact fascinating and highly surprising given the sheer mix of different language speaking immigrants that formed the current USA nation. You'd think given the melting pot plus the chaos element, that more of a hybrid language derived from English, Spanish, Italian, German, French, Russian, Mandarin, whatever it is the leprechaun Irish speak and Polish... et al, would have evolved, rather than a less changed variant of English than modern British English.

I guess that's why the subject and processes within can only really described by the word 'chaos'.
       
Cheers!

Re: Punctuation

Perhaps it was the sheer volume of diversity within the forming US that necessitated holding-on to the common language so tightly; lest it meltdown into a melded multilingual chaos on a page for which no structure could possibly exist? Grammar as concept would have had to be scrapped and completely reinvented.

291 (edited by njc 2015-11-15 20:41:54)

Re: Punctuation

Charles_F_Bell wrote:
njc wrote:

My understanding is that a descriptivist grammarian seeks to find the patterns that we use in organizing and arranging words, ...  By this definition, a descriptivist studying those languages may need other categories.)

I call him simply a grammarian.

njc wrote:

My understanding is that a prescriptivist grammarian, working from some blend of knowledge of the language as it is spoken by a broad range of individuals and his own preferences, judgement, and prejudices, provides instruction in the use of the language.  In chosing to advocate some constructions over others, the prescriptivist is taking the role of arbiter of the language.

And I call them Corra and their womyn of the '90's.

njc wrote:

Note that I have tried to leave aside questions of whether a description or prescription favors some groups of people over others, or some types of ideas over others.  I acknowledge that these are valid questions, but not useful in determining the meaning of these two words, and the antithesis that they appear to represent.  I hold that ... to have those words we need to have substantial agreement on their meanings. ...

Predict how successful Corra and their womyn of the '90' will be in eliminating grammatical gender. This is not a yes-or-no question but rather one that requires some historical precedent. Inserting new words like latino and african-american which otherwise would not evolve naturally  is not at all the same as changing grammar. We no more understand how grammar changes than we know how Man evolved from some species of simian now extinct,  but it certainly was not by direction of some orchestrators.

....

But introducing new words and meaning is not an issue of grammar, but of lexicon.

I seem to recall (am I in error?) that through at least the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries there were people who sought to instruct people in the language as a certain group spoke it.  That certain group was generally the wealthy and powerful, and the instruction included grammar, lexicon, and diction.  These people studied the 'inferior' dialects only for the purpose of reducing their use; they prescribed the 'approved' dialect.  It seems reasonable and useful to call these people prescriptionists, although their activities reached beyond grammar.

In my own time, it seems to me that the teachers who taught me how to know whether to you 'he and I' or 'him and me' (and never 'him and I' or 'me and him')--truly matters of grammar--were prescriptivists, though you might prefer simply to call them teachers.

292 (edited by Charles_F_Bell 2015-11-15 20:59:25)

Re: Punctuation

Dill Carver wrote:

Perhaps it was the sheer volume of diversity within the forming US that necessitated holding-on to the common language so tightly; lest it meltdown into a melded multilingual chaos on a page for which no structure could possibly exist? Grammar as concept would have had to be scrapped and completely reinvented.

There is misconception of the meaning to American Exceptionalism and the melting pot to be that the resulting product would be a mixed-culture hybrid, and the simple response to that is that it is a misconception, and the 'holding on to' a common English is part of the picture.   

Why English underwent such a rapid change from Middle English into Modern English with the vowel shifts and dropping of declensions -- Chaucer's Aprille with his shoures soute became April with its sweet showers is a mystery, but that rapid change continued unabated in England until the Victorian Era. In America it simply slowed down - retaining Thee's and Thou's, for example, for quite some time. And why should have the Thee's and Thou's gone away when they are retained in most Indo-European languages? Some changes can be explained by external forces like the Norman upon the Anglo-Saxon (Old English into Middle English) but I think not much. actually, then or now.

293

Re: Punctuation

This has nothing to do with punctuation, but I think that the metaphor of melting pot and the more recent metaphor of gorgeous mosaic are both in error, and that both errors have much in common.  I expect that CFB finds at least one of the metaphors an abomination (but I may be wrong).  I'll discourse on why, and on what I believe to be a more correct metaphor, if asked.  (And I may have sliced open a hornet's nest on the application of 'correct' to 'metaphor'.)

Re: Punctuation

njc wrote:
Charles_F_Bell wrote:
njc wrote:

My understanding is that a descriptivist grammarian seeks to find the patterns that we use in organizing and arranging words, ...  By this definition, a descriptivist studying those languages may need other categories.)

I call him simply a grammarian.

njc wrote:

My understanding is that a prescriptivist grammarian, working from some blend of knowledge of the language as it is spoken by a broad range of individuals and his own preferences, judgement, and prejudices, provides instruction in the use of the language.  In chosing to advocate some constructions over others, the prescriptivist is taking the role of arbiter of the language.

And I call them Corra and their womyn of the '90's.

njc wrote:

Note that I have tried to leave aside questions of whether a description or prescription favors some groups of people over others, or some types of ideas over others.  I acknowledge that these are valid questions, but not useful in determining the meaning of these two words, and the antithesis that they appear to represent.  I hold that ... to have those words we need to have substantial agreement on their meanings. ...

Predict how successful Corra and their womyn of the '90' will be in eliminating grammatical gender. This is not a yes-or-no question but rather one that requires some historical precedent. Inserting new words like latino and african-american which otherwise would not evolve naturally  is not at all the same as changing grammar. We no more understand how grammar changes than we know how Man evolved from some species of simian now extinct,  but it certainly was not by direction of some orchestrators.

....

But introducing new words and meaning is not an issue of grammar, but of lexicon.

I seem to recall (am I in error?) that through at least the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries there were people who sought to instruct people in the language as a certain group spoke it.  That certain group was generally the wealthy and powerful, and the instruction included grammar, lexicon, and diction.  These people studied the 'inferior' dialects only for the purpose of reducing their use; they prescribed the 'approved' dialect.  It seems reasonable and useful to call these people prescriptionists, although their activities reached beyond grammar.

In my own time, it seems to me that the teachers who taught me how to know whether to you 'he and I' or 'him and me' (and never 'him and I' or 'me and him')--truly matters of grammar--were prescriptivists, though you might prefer simply to call them teachers.

grammar = studies of the basics of linguistic units - and that includes spelling and punctuation, but it is fair enough to consider that grammar is the logic of putting those words together, and it is possible to string words together without logic, but then we are not really talking about language.

Why hasn't plantation-negro language gone away 150 years after the end of slavery?  What hasn't it sunk in that Herman Cain and Ben Carson and every black American professional I have come across do not speak plantation negro. There's often that hint in accent, or whatever, but not that word and syntax of the low-born.  Every ethic group learns proper English even if it is accented with regionalism or other such attributes - except Black and west-coast Chicano - one might add white hillbilly to the list except that is always because of poor education. Blacks in Washington D.C., Chicago, NY, have the most expensive education in the country and yet so many come out of it not caring if they do not speak as every successful black person in the country (with whiff of 'blackness' to their voice).  My answer is that how one speaks is always an individual choice but that a culture of the down-low inhibits movement to the right choices.

295

Re: Punctuation

In your last two paragraphs, I believe we agree.

296 (edited by Charles_F_Bell 2015-11-16 09:26:42)

Re: Punctuation

njc wrote:

This has nothing to do with punctuation, but I think that the metaphor of melting pot and the more recent metaphor of gorgeous mosaic are both in error, and that both errors have much in common.  I expect that CFB finds at least one of the metaphors an abomination (but I may be wrong).  I'll discourse on why, and on what I believe to be a more correct metaphor, if asked.  (And I may have sliced open a hornet's nest on the application of 'correct' to 'metaphor'.)

I don't comprehend what you write here.  Let me say that punctuation is grammar but of a part that arbitrarily delimits what is grammar and therefore, being arbitrary, must by its nature be immutable to the extent the grammar has not changed.  If grammar changes organically then spelling and punctuation may change with it. From Chaucer to Modern English the word "Aprille" was actually pronounced with three syllables with an "e" at the end. The language grammar changed such that the word pronounced becomes "April" and the spelling ought to (and did) change but then remained fixed forever until the grammar of the word changes again, but unfortunately English has sometimes gone awry and not changed spelling as it ought to have done: "knight."  My objection to spelling changes when the grammar has not change (as opposed to reform of spelling when the grammar has changed) is that it is illogical. Can't is pronounced the same as cant but is grammatically different in every other way. So why go there by removing the apostrophe?

297

Re: Punctuation

njc wrote:

We are, in the old language, rational animals.  It took a long time for the 'rational' part to happen, and even longer for it to take hold.  Imputing motive, as the word 'patriarchy' does, cannot fit the actual play of cause-and-effect that brought us to this point.

But "patriarchal" refers to the system of the patriarch, which was an enormous part of our history in Europe and America. The Christian God was a patriarch, and the king was his little patriarch, and the head of the household (father/husband) was the baby patriarch. It was the medieval order. Everything else was property, and to break with the system was to defy God. So women were as children, as servants, as objects. If you can think of a better word than "patriarchal" to describe the social system which put men in charge and made women legally and historically invisible (but socially scrutinized), I'll be applauding you for rallying to change it. I can't think of a better word at this point. Maybe as the history continues to be analyzed and assessed by both men and women, a different word will be born.

It (sounds like) you may see "patriarchal" as a reference to something earlier in history, when women fell into the natural role of nurturer, and men acted as protector? (Sorry of I've misinterpreted you.) That's not what I'm referring to. I'm referring to the actual social order which pinched away women's rights and voices until they were invisible.

There's a book by Gerda Lerner I really want to read, called The Creation of Patriarchy, which may help me better describe what I refer to when I say "patriarchal." (I'm) referring to the idea that laws (in our western history, and currently today in other places) happened through men, and these laws until very recently denied women a public voice, removed from them their property upon marriage, removed from them their name (and their mother's name) upon marriage, and created an economic situation which required a woman to marry to be supported, to spend her entire life economically dependent on her husband, and to be trapped within a situation which forced her to do and say what would please her husband -- because if he left her, she had no power, no recourse, and no hope. Legally her husband could take her children. Legally she could be kept stupefied (what university would take her in the nineteenth century?) I understand that there were exceptions (brothers often taught their sisters), but the system left women socially and economically pinched. Literature from the past was usually published by men. History recorded male exploits. If a woman spoke too aggressively against such a system, she was scorned because her role within the system was intimately tied to religion and family. The Christian religion insisted she keep her mouth closed and be "a good little wife." Her role as "mother" was placed on a pedestal. She was told that to be an angel was her lot in life, and anything else was satanic. If she chose not to marry? She was a laughingstock. If she left her husband? She had stolen his property. If he chose to rape her? She was his property. She was, in short, enslaved.

When I say "patriarchal," I'm referring to the social system which did this to women. I don't mean "a patriarchal system benefiting those ghoulish men, past, present, and future! POWER TO THE WOMEN. Let us be outraged." I mean "a society constructed around the idea that the man (patriarch) was the head of the household, and that a woman had no need for voice, education or money, because a man could do all that for her, and he called that protection, and she had no voice to call it otherwise" -- shades of which can still be seen in the generic "he", in the continued absence of women from history books, in the uneven pay rate in America and I assume elsewhere (which some say is a myth, but I personally experienced), in the fiction which continues to suggest that a woman's only tale/role is the love story (we're beginning to get past this), in the continuing idea that a woman who speaks out against all this is out of order somehow -- breaking out of her role.

If you are curious, you might read a bit of Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. For writing it, she was called a "hyena in petticoats." But all she was really suggesting within the (1792) essay was that women were not actually as stupid or silly as men seemed to believe they were. For goodness sake, educate them, and you'd find them abundantly willing to learn. Society was disgusted with such a claim and felt certain she was heading England toward revolution. And that she was a bitch.

I know (and passionately believe) that all sorts of different strengths and weaknesses contributed to our history. I honor the efforts well beyond the women's role in our history. Right now I am particularly interested in the women's role simply because I have begun to notice how often it has been omitted from books. That doesn't mean I'm not equally interested, for example, in the story of the boy who headed off to war in 1915. Or the struggles of the father who worked endlessly to try to provide for his family. Or the plight of the enslaved man who rallied himself to freedom. Or the many, many men who conducted themselves with honor within such a system, or the many, many (countless) people who simply existed, unaware that the system was there and just trying to keep alive.

I hope we can develop better words to describe history as we discover and analyze it, and as language evolves. "Patriarchal" sounds like the right word to me? But perhaps that's because a better word has yet to be invented. smile Cheers.